油菜黑胫病菌T-DNA插入诱变因素优化及突变体筛选

油菜黑胫病是由Leptosphaeria biglobosa引起的一种真菌病害。这种病害在我国油菜产区广泛发生，并造成一定的经济损失。为通过获取突变体来研究L. biglobosa的生态适应性机制及致病机制，本文优化了影响农杆菌介导转化（ATMT）油菜黑胫病菌L. biglobosa菌株Lb731的因素，评估转化子质量，并筛选相关突变体。结果明确了农杆菌介导转化菌株Lb731的最佳因素：潮霉素B浓度为50 μg/mL，转化受体（分生孢子）培养时间为15 d (20℃)，浓度为2 × 10^7~8孢子/mL，农杆菌-受体共培养温度为25℃，共培养时间为72 h。在最适条件下的转化效率达到80个转化子/百万分生孢子。T-DNA插入基因组的频率为100%，单拷贝插入频率为72.7%，转化子抗潮霉素性状能稳定遗传。从2136个转化子中获得了11个菌丝生长减缓突变体，7个色素产生缺陷突变体和14个分生孢子产生缺陷突变体，并从这些突变体中鉴定出7个致病力丧失突变体。采用hiTAIL-PCR技术，从3个突变体中获得了T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列。上述结果为深入研究L. biglobosa的生态适应性机制及致病机制提供了材料和线索。     

台盼蓝活体染色法观察瓦氏黄颡鱼血脾屏障研究

为探讨瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)脾脏组织结构和血脾屏障位置,该研究对其脾脏进行了形态大小、组织学和活体染色观察。结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼的脾脏位于腹腔中部,呈暗红色,脾体指数为0.120%~0.273%;对健康脾脏制备石蜡切片,分别进行HE染色和改良James染色,显微镜观察发现其脾组织主要由不发达的被膜系统、分界不清的红髓和白髓及由网状纤维和胶原纤维组成的纤维支架构成。其中网状纤维主要位于脾索和椭球体周围,胶原纤维主要位于脾索;使用台盼蓝活体染色法对健康瓦氏黄颡鱼的血脾屏障部位和功能探索发现,台盼蓝主要位于脾脏的椭球体内皮细胞中,最早出现在注射后的第4小时,随时间推移在椭球体内逐渐累积,24 h后数量显著增加,并持续增加至第72小时。结果表明椭球体内皮细胞是血脾屏障的重要组成成分。     

鸡Ii结合Rab5a和Rab7b分子的分析

本研究旨在探明鸡恒定链（invariant chain，Ii）与内吞体转运蛋白Rab5a和Rab7b结合的结构域和在细胞内共定位的特征。首先，用PCR和基因突变技术将Ii胞浆区与跨膜区[Ii_{（Cyt-Tra）}]、Ii CLIP （class Ⅱ-associated invariant chain peptide）-三聚体区[Ii_{（CLIP-TRIM）}]和Ii突变体[Ii_{（M81-87aa）}、Ii_{（M91-99aa）}和Ii_{（M81-99aa）}]分别插入pET-32a和pEGFP-C1构建相应的原核和真核重组质粒。其次，将构建的含有绿色荧光蛋白的重组质粒与实验室保存的含有红色荧光Rab5a和Rab7b的重组质粒共转染至人胚胎肾细胞系293 T，观察它们的共定位。将构建的原核重组质粒进行表达和纯化，最后用拉下法和免疫印迹检测Ii与Rab5a和Rab7b的结合域。结果表明，成功构建Ii结构域及Ii突变体的重组质粒。Ii_{（Cyt-Tra）}及Ii突变体均能与Rab5a和Rab7b在细胞内共定位，而Ii_{（CLIP-TRIM）}与空载体却不能。Ii的胞浆区和跨膜区是与Rab5a和Rab7b结合的功能结构域，而不是CLIP与三聚体区。综上所述，鸡Ii与Rab5a和Rab7b共定位和结合的区域是其胞浆区和跨膜区，而不是内质网腔区。这些结果提示Rab分子参与了Ii在胞内细胞器的转运机制，为进一步研究Ii及其载体在细胞内的转运机制和功能提供了新的途径。     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响，设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm，冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm），4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2），4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇，夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2，冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2，夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下，增加灌水量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%，土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%，净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下，增加施肥量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%，土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%，CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%，CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下，氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%，且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05），水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入，在节水节肥原则下，夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

早熟玉米杂交组合主要农艺性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联度分析法,对19个玉米杂交组合性状进行分析。结果表明,各性状与产量的关联度大小依次为:株高>生育期>倒折率>穗行>行粒>秃尖>含水量>百粒重>穗位高>倒伏率>穗长>出籽率>穗粗。在育种工作中应该注重对株高、生育期和倒折率的选择,同时要结合不同性状间相互关系的综合表现进行育种,使玉米产量有较大提升。     

电商扶贫"砀山模式"的现状、困境及优化路径

基于安徽省砀山县的调查,在对砀山县电商扶贫现状进行分析的基础上,总结砀山县电商扶贫困境,并提出具体优化路径.研究发现,砀山县电商扶贫效果显著,存在企业参与扶贫积极性不高、与其他扶贫形式衔接不够、电商扶贫下层平台缺乏以及电商扶贫能人稀缺的困境,应从加强主体动员、统筹扶贫形式、培育下层平台以及培养电商能人四方面优化现有路径,促进电商扶贫的进一步发展.     

不同谷子品种氮素吸收与利用差异的研究

通过盆栽试验和大田栽培试验相结合的方法,对赤峰主栽谷子品种在低氮胁迫下氮素吸收及利用效率的差异进行了系统研究.盆栽试验结果表明:赤谷6号、赤谷8号、赤谷9号低氮胁迫下根长较施氮处理显著增长;赤谷5号、赤谷6号、赤谷9号耐低氮胁迫能力较强;赤谷10号氮利用率最为稳定;赤谷5号、赤谷6号耐低氮指数大.赤谷5号在农艺性状和氮累积量及耐低氮指数均表现出较好的耐低氮胁迫能力.大田栽培试验表明:赤谷6号和赤谷8号耐低氮胁迫能力较强.谷子出苗至抽穗期受低氮胁迫的影响较抽穗至成熟期更为敏感.谷子全生育期中,低氮胁迫对拔节期株高的影响较大;抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期的干物质累积量对低氮胁迫影响较大.穗部相关农艺性状较其他农艺性状而言较易受到低氮胁迫影响.穗部性状中,穗长相对于其他性状对低氮胁迫影响较为迟钝,其他性状较为敏感;对低氮胁迫敏感的指标可作为谷子耐低氮能力评价指标.综合盆栽试验与大田栽培试验结果表明,赤谷5号、赤谷6号、赤谷8号这3个品种耐低氮能力强,适于在赤峰地区相对贫瘠的土壤种植.     

根系修剪对枳生长及相关基因表达的影响

以枳实生苗为试验材料,通过两年重复试验分析了不切除主根、切除1/3主根、切除1/2主根、切除2/3主根等4个不同水平根系修剪处理下枳实生苗生长发育、根系构型和营养吸收的情况,并检测了不同水平根系修剪处理对侧根发育关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,切除1/2主根处理增加了枳实生苗的株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重,改善了根系构型参数(侧根数、总根长、根表面积和平均长度),增加了根系P、K、Ca、B、Fe、Na和Zn等营养元素含量。另外,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测发现,根系修剪处理诱导了侧根发育关键基因HOX1和CYP2的积累,并抑制了IAA11和IAA13的表达。综上所述,适度根系修剪可能通过诱导HOX1、CYP2基因的上调和IAA11、IAA13基因的下调来调控枳实生苗侧根的生长发育,改善根系构型,从而提高枳实生苗对营养元素的吸收能力及植株的生长发育。     

Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.